Diseño y validación de escalas de antecedentes de autoeficacia en reanimación cardiopulmonar para profesionales: Logros de Ejecución, Activación Emocional y Fisiológica / Design and validation of sources scales of self-efficacy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation for professionals: Mastery Experiences scale; Emotional and Physiological States scale

Material y método: estudio observacional descriptivo transversal. Se diseñaron dos escalas de antecedentes de autoeficacia, previo estudio cualitativo con consenso de expertos y piloto en 29 profesionales, compuestas por 14 ítems la escala de Logros de Ejecución (LE) y 17 ítems la escala de activación emocional y fisiológica (AEF). Se obtuvo na respuesta on line (programa Gandía BarbWin) en una muestra de 1400 profesionales con experiencia en RCP (441 médicos, 769 enfermeros y 190 Técnicos Emergencias Sanitarias) de 17 comunidades españolas. Se realizaron diferentes análisis psicométricos.Resultados: La fiabilidad de la escala LE en RCP, medida por el coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach (α), tiene una adecuada consistencia interna (α > 0,80) siendo más elevada en médicos (α > 0,93), seguidos de enfermeros (α > 0,90) y TES (α > 0,81). La estructura interna y validez factorial en los médicos es unifactorial (Varianza explicada 67,52%), siendo bifactorial para la muestra total (73,02%) y submuestras (enfermeros 71,59%, TES 62,90%).La fiabilidad para la escala de AEF en RCP es más modesta (α= 0,71-0,81) y contempla una estructura interna bifactorial para todos los casos (51,99%).Conclusión: los resultados psicométricos permiten afirmar la disponibilidad de dos medidas de antecedentes de la autoeficacia en RCP, escala de LE y escala de AEF, con suficientes garantías de fiabilidad y validez para ser utilizadas en evaluación, formación y/o práctica clínica.(AU)

Aim: to design and validate two technically appropriate measures of the two main sources of self-efficacy in CPR: Mastery Experience (ME); and Emotional and Physiological States (EPS).Design: cross-sectional descriptive observational study. Two self-efficacy antecedent scales were designed, after a qualitative study with expert consensus and a pilot study in 29 professionals, composed of 14 items on the Mastery Experience scale (ME) and 17 items on the Emotional and Physiological States scale (EPS). An online response (Gandía BarbWin program) was obtained in a sample of 1,400 professionals with experience in CPR (441 doctors, 769 nurses, and 190 Health Emergency Technicians) from 17 Spanish communities. Different psychometric analyzes were carried out.Results: the reliability of the ME scale in CPR, measured by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient (α), has adequate internal consistency (α> 0.80) being higher in physicians (α> 0.93), followed by nurses (α > 0.90) and paramedics (α> 0.81). The internal structure and factorial validity in physicians is univariate (Variance explained 67.52%), being bifactorial for the total sample (73.02%) and subsamples (nurses 71.59%, paramedics 62.90%).The reliability for the EPS scale in CPR is more modest (α = 0.71-0.81) and contemplates a bifactorial internal structure for all cases (51.99%).Conclusion: the psychometric results allow us to affirm the availability of two antecedent measures of self-efficacy in CPR: the ME scale and the EPS scale, with sufficient guarantees of reliability and validity to be used in assessment, training and / or clinical practice.(AU)

Applying the social cognitive model of well-being in the nursing clinical practicum: A structural equation modeling analysis with a Spanish student's sample.

BACKGROUND: Clinical education, understanding as practicum, plays a key role in nursing education but has been identified as the most challenging and stressful experience for nursing students. Promoting student satisfaction and well-being during clinical practice has a significant effect on learning outcomes, retention and attrition. OBJECTIVES: To examine the predictive power of a social cognitive model of wellbeing when applied to explain academic satisfaction in the clinical practicum and overall life satisfaction of Spanish nursing students. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted at four Spanish nursing schools in a 586 student's sample. METHODS: Data were collected through a self-reported questionnaire that included measures of academic support, self-efficacy, goal progress, academic satisfaction, life satisfaction and trait positive affect. The research model was evaluated through structural equation modeling. RESULTS: The proposed model fit well in the full sample and accounted for substantial portions of the variance in academic (50%) and life satisfaction (21%). Most of the hypotheses formulated were verified. The model was invariant across academic year. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated global support for the social cognitive model of academic satisfaction as a guide for developing interventions to facilitate the positive adjustment and wellbeing of nursing students in the practicum.

Autoeficacia en reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) básica y avanzada: diseño y validación de una escala / Self-efficacy in basic and advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): design and validation of a scale

INTRODUCCIÓN: La autoeficacia es una variable de relevancia reconocida en la práctica clínica y en la formación en reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP). El objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar y validar una escala de autoeficacia general en RCP básica y avanzada para profesionales españoles con experiencia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se diseñó una escala con 29 ítems mediante procedimientos cualitativos y haciendo uso del juicio de expertos. La escala se aplicó mediante encuesta electrónica a una muestra de 1.400 profesionales de la salud con experiencia en RCP: médicos (31,5%), enfermeros (54,9%) y técnicos sanitarios (13,6%). RESULTADOS: La escala presentó una alta fiabilidad (α>0,92) al considerar la autoeficacia en RCP tanto básica como avanzada, en su análisis conjunto y por separado. En el análisis de componentes principales se obtuvieron soluciones conceptual y teóricamente consistentes, con una varianza explicada que oscila entre el 55% y el 70% y una estructura de uno o 2 factores, según las subescalas y los diferentes colectivos profesionales. Se obtuvo una correlación sustancial entre subescalas (r=0,80). DISCUSIÓN: Se dispone de una escala de autoeficacia general en RCP, con especificaciones para RCP básica y RCP avanzada, con suficientes garantías de fiabilidad y validez factorial, susceptibles de ser utilizadas de forma conjunta o por separado con profesionales españoles. La escala se propone como una herramienta útil para la docencia, tanto en formación inicial como continuada, que puede ser usada para diseñar, desarrollar y evaluar programas de aprendizaje específicos sobre competencias profesionales para realizar una RCP eficaz

INTRODUCTION: Self-efficacy is a relevant variable recognised in clinical practice and CPR training. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale of general self-efficacy in basic and advanced CPR for Spanish professionals with experience. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A scale with 29 items was designed using qualitative procedures and expert judgment. The scale was sent via e-mail to a sample of 1400 health professionals with experience in CPR: doctors (31.5%), nurses (54.9%), and health technicians (13.6%). RESULTS: A high internal consistency (Alpha above 0.92) was found in basic CPR self-efficacy as well as in advanced CPR, when analysed together and separately. In the Principal Component Analysis, conceptual and theoretically consistent solutions were obtained, with an explained variance ranging between 55% and 70%, and a structure of one or two factors, according to the subscales and the different professional groups. A substantial correlation was obtained between sub-scales (r=.80). DISCUSSION: A scale of general self-efficacy in CPR is available, with specifications for basic CPR and advanced CPR, with sufficient guarantees of reliability and with evidence of factorial validity to be used jointly or separately with Spanish professionals. The scale is proposed as a useful tool for teaching, both in initial and continuing training, which can be used to design, develop and evaluate specific learning programs on professional skills to perform effective CPR

La experiencia de los profesionales sanitarios en la reanimación cardiopulmonar y su relación con su autoeficacia: una aproximación cualitativa / Experience of emergency healthcare professionals in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and its relationship with self-efficacy: A qualitative approach

Objetivo: Conocer el fenómeno de la reanimación cardiopulmonar captando los significados que los profesionales le dan a la conducta de reanimar y su relación con la teoría social cognitiva. Método: Investigación cualitativa de enfoque fenomenológico, centrada en el trabajo de campo con un grupo focal de profesionales de Madrid (médicos, enfermeras y técnicos), así como los resultados de un estudio anterior. Tras la transcripción de los datos, se codificaron, se formaron categorías y se agruparon en dimensiones, interpretándolos de acuerdo con la teoría social cognitiva. Se contó con datos de otras fuentes, experiencia de profesionales y familiares que han presenciado una reanimación cardiopulmonar, hasta llegar a la saturación de los datos. Resultados: Se exploraron de forma holística los fenómenos que afectan a las personas implicadas en una reanimación cardiopulmonar. Se identificaron los aspectos relevantes para sentirse capaces de realizar una reanimación cardiopulmonar, así como aquellos que pueden obstaculizar la conducta. Se encontraron 2dimensiones, factores personales y situacionales, así como varias categorías en cada dimensión que están en relación con la teoría de la autoeficacia de Bandura. Conclusiones: La autoeficacia del profesional en una reanimación cardiopulmonar no depende solo de las competencias técnicas adquiridas. Los factores personales y situacionales influyen cognitiva y emocionalmente en el profesional, pudiendo variar su conducta. En la práctica clínica y docente, permite mejorar las competencias de reanimación cardiopulmonar y diseñar programas de formación individualizados

Aim: To gain a deeper knowledge of the phenomenon of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by capturing the meanings that professionals attach to the behaviour of reanimation and its relationship with Social Cognitive Theory. Method: Qualitative research from a phenomenological approach focussing on field work with a focus group of professionals from Madrid (doctors, nurses and technicians), as well as a previous study. After the transcription of the data, it was coded, categories were formed and it was grouped into dimensions, interpreting the data according to the Social Cognitive Theory. Data was collected from other sources, experience of professionals and family members who had witnessed a cardiopulmonary resuscitation, until the saturation of the data. Results: The phenomena that affect the people involved in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation were explored holistically. The relevant aspects to feel able to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as well as those that may hinder the behaviour were identified. Two dimensions were found, personal and situational factors, as well as several categories in each dimension related to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy. Conclusions: Professionals' self-efficacy in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation does not always depend on the technical skills acquired. Personal and situational factors influence the professional being able to vary their behaviour cognitively and emotionally. This knowledge enables cardiopulmonary resuscitation competencies in a clinical situation to be improved and individualized training programmes to be designed in teaching practice

Experience of emergency healthcare professionals in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and its relationship with self-efficacy: A qualitative approach. / La experiencia de los profesionales sanitarios en la reanimación cardiopulmonar y su relación con su autoeficacia: una aproximación cualitativa.

AIM: To gain a deeper knowledge of the phenomenon of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by capturing the meanings that professionals attach to the behaviour of reanimation and its relationship with Social Cognitive Theory. METHOD: Qualitative research from a phenomenological approach focussing on field work with a focus group of professionals from Madrid (doctors, nurses and technicians), as well as a previous study. After the transcription of the data, it was coded, categories were formed and it was grouped into dimensions, interpreting the data according to the Social Cognitive Theory. Data was collected from other sources, experience of professionals and family members who had witnessed a cardiopulmonary resuscitation, until the saturation of the data. RESULTS: The phenomena that affect the people involved in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation were explored holistically. The relevant aspects to feel able to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as well as those that may hinder the behaviour were identified. Two dimensions were found, personal and situational factors, as well as several categories in each dimension related to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Professionals' self-efficacy in a cardiopulmonary resuscitation does not always depend on the technical skills acquired. Personal and situational factors influence the professional being able to vary their behaviour cognitively and emotionally. This knowledge enables cardiopulmonary resuscitation competencies in a clinical situation to be improved and individualized training programmes to be designed in teaching practice.